New Generation Reproductive Technologies (stem Cell-nanotechnology)

I. Advances in Embryonic and Placental Development

1.Abstract:

Early embryonic development needs detailed investigations if we have to reduce embryonic mortality. Embryonic mortality details have been reviewed (wani, 2005). The reproductive abnormalities have been discussed and a sequential photographic presentation of embryonic mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al 2007). The critical period when maximum embryonic losses go unnoticed is the period before attachment. Losses before actual union of foeto-maternal tissues can be missed and calculations of embryonic mortality estimates remain unaccounted for. Some recent studies of (Wani 2006, Khatoon et al 2006) have paved a new innovative model for investigation on foeto-maternal development and its attachment. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, formation of cotyledons within elongated blastocyst, their ramifications and networking of vasculature and formation of foetal placental unit. Conversely, a detailed photographic evidence of uterine receptivity, formation of a multicoated immunological barrier- the beginning of foeto- maternal- barrier mechanism along with caruncle formation, uterine milk formation and finally union of cotyledous with caruncles has been photographically documented.
2.Introduction:

Second and 3rd generation animal biotechnologies as reviewed (Wani, 2005) are multiple ovulation, embryo-transfer, preservation, cloning, micromanipulation splitting of embryos and nuclear transfer. The 4th Generation reproductive technologies have advance beyond our imagination and now we do have transgenic goats giving milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007). The stem cell technology, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear micro-injection along with sperm-mediated, transgenesis have been in use and are precisely reviewed and discussed (Wani 2005, 2007).

The application of this advancement for diagnostic, therapeutic and economic uses especially its transfer to human medicine or for field application in animal industry needs further research and evaluation.

The another fact which can be of importance is the number of cells per embryos. During first day these may be two cells but after 8 days the cell number increases to 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for the oocyst after fertilization to reach the two cell embryo. Another 13 hours are needed to develop it into a four cell embryo. In another 15 hours 8 cell stages is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for a embryo to be converted into a Morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in ovine. A genematic diagram of various stages of follical maturation of oocytes development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) figure from web site is also show that the protein content after fertilization of 16 day old embryo increased by 7500 times. Morphologically the embryo size varies from spherical ovid to elongate after day 13th past coitus. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is maximum during 8-13th day old embryos. Similarly phosphorylation per unit of embryo is also ten times more in 8 day old embryos than the later stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to day 16th and the maximum metabolic weight is up to 14th day past coitus. For increased productive synthesis, aminoacid requirements are made, through production of allanic and glutonic acids by the embryos. The matobolic products get rid of amines. The signal transduction from maternal to foetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).
3. Dominant follicle dynamics

The new animal , products, medico-Veterinary packages, profitable genetic (trait) improved DNA Chips, more resistance giving gene make ups shall have a new role in future. For the next coming super advanced technology driven century, we must be prepared to use the 4th generation technologies for animal Welfare and Protective mechanisms. We thought and used Laparoscopy and ultrasonography 30 year ago (Wani et al, 1979, Wani 1981,1982), which has now become a “buzz” word and further sophisticated and modernized by my students across the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of DNA finger printing of cashmere goats in 1990’s (Khatlani et al, 1995) has now crossed the barriers of technology advancement. Today, in these pages, we shall be presenting our own results on

1. Embryonic development, formation of cotyledons, blactocyst development ramification of vascular system, net working of blood vessels to form initial placenta, their union and attachment processes. We shall describe morphological physiological, endocrinology, histochemical and receptor analysis to support our observations. This is 5th generation reproductive technology base for development of in-vitro-foeto models.

For 6th – 10th generation reproductive scientists we shall present theoretical hypothesis a vision -2050 in the form of.

2. Use of stem-cell, germ-cell and Nano- technologies for production of disease free, highly prolific reproductive gametes, their preservation and conservation. The use of these and other molecular and new-generation DNA-related bio-diagnostics shall also be discussed.

4. Uterine morphological changes:

The early pregnancy uterine morphological land marks were described only externally per rectum in bovine (Zamznis, 1976) some of its significant features have been summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). It describes easy palpable signs of early pregnancy in bovine and compares its observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some of the earliest indications of pregnancy by physical examination were:

i) Presence of corpus luteum of pregnancy early 15 day post-coitus

ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus

iii) Fluctuation around 40-49 days in cattle. Thereafter the advanced pregnancy signs like foetal membrance feel and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full foetal are known foetal membrane .

Various developments of foetal signs have been described (Wani, 1986) . The month wise morphological assessment of foetus in sheep has been reported (Mufti, 1995, Mufti et al, 1997) . Various reviews reports and books now describe events in development of foetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).
5. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

Pregnancy is an intimate association between mother and foetus. The protective covering on maternal caruncles and over wrap of foetal cotyledons with Blastocyst membranes, transformed into foetal membranes give the “Homograph” status to foetus. The mechanism of ruminant uteri has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Its more recent findings and attachments are the topic of one of our students.

We have tried to univel many obscure mechanism on blastocyst formation, plancentation and development of cotyledons. The protective mucin coverings over uterine caruncles and their union with cotyledons has been snaped.

The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical and histoanatomic feature of the gravid and non-gravid uteri.
6. Foeto-maternal interaction:

The estrogen, progesterone in foetal and maternal blood have been estimated along with estrogen progesterone receptor concentrations in the pregnancy and non pregnant states.

Endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al 1989, Wani 1996, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation of uterine cells is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in uteri called as E2 (ER) , P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demyo 2004) we have also investigated the same and are being analysed. Our studies indicate certain changes which project a new mechanism of foeto-maternal unions (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).

Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be helpful in future for invitro-foetal growth.
7. Reproductive management

The reproductive management strategies to enhance meat production could safely be divided into two kinds:

i. Traditional management: Animal are still managed under zero- input/ migratory /tribal or extensive management system. The application of above described methods will be limited. They may indirectly help in this system by better sire availability.

ii. Modern management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive, commercial goat farming system may use the above methods more and more to produce high quality germplasm. They may use variety of improved reproductive technique or reported (Wani,1996; Wani et al., 200a; Wani et al., 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981; Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988; Wani and Buchoo, 1991; Buchoo and Wani, 1991; Wani, 1989, Wani, 1995; Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).
8. Enhancement of fertility

Desired fertility objectives have been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased prolificacy, early rebreeding, safe/clean parturition, set-time animal crop, elite gene introduction are some of the desired fertility enhancement goals. The constraints in achieving desired objectives in small ruminant livestock sector are the problems of inbreeding, reproductive losses (Wani, et al., 1980; 1981; 1994), pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illicit mating, venereal diseases, nutritional and other stresses. These above referred factors reduce fertility status of our ruminants especially under transhumane migratory systems.

These constraints mentioned could overcome by adopting enhancement strategies (Wani, 2001), which include exchange of sires by tribal, Gujjar, Bakarwals and Chopans to reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through legislature or forced castrations and introduction of sires from outside the flock. The pregnancy detection methods described (Wani, 1981) and later on used extensive in J&K under farm condition (Wani et al., 1998; Wani, 1989) needs adoption as a routine in each flock for better care of offspring and dam.
9. Corpora luteal biosensitivity.

Corpus luteum growth and development is the first earliest pregnancy signal along with maternal recognition factors discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and receptivity to PGF2 alpha is now known. The ascending and descending corpora lutea are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and what resurges their sensitivity need exploration. May be in future, CL insensitivity might have direct effects on survival of the conceptus. Does conceptus make CL more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, does the gravid CL and non-gravid CL behave similarly or differently to PGF2 alpha. Many such questions vis-à-vis the ovarian morphology, uterine environment and behavioral patterns need to be studied and co-related to develop a manipulative and curative safe system. In some species CL of pregnancy is necessary till delivery, in others it is needed only till placenta develops. Its complete genesis and biostimulation and bioregulatory roles are obscure and needs further research.
10. Dominant follicle dynamics

The dominant follicle dynamics may be in focus for ovulation control. Dominant follicle or would be bride at each ovulation appears around day 7 of cycle in women. It occurs much earlier on day- 1 to 0 in ruminants (cow, sheep,goats). This time point may be the focus to try future selective interferences in ovulation control. Antagonist use during this phase has shown decreasing levels of estrogens in serum thereby indirectly hinting at dominant follicle alteration, as it is one of chief source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). Dominant follicle in its sojourn to freedom and release at ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It alone releases itself from bondages in ovary (ovulation) and rest of its competitors are hindered through the process as atretic follicles. What make this dominant follicle to attain these qualities among a vast pool of follicles needs further study. In coming 50 years one shall possibly understand and interlock a pre-determined messenger system triggering dominance in one or few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system when decoded shall offer new opportunities in controlling ovulation both for contraception (women) or augmentation (animals). New genepool of dominant follicles from dead high yielding animal ovaries would help to propagate and multiply the elite.

Over stimulatory effect during superovulation could be avoided by use of antagonists, as dominant follicles seem to evade suppression, thus follicular selection will prevent excessive stimulation and cystic follicles. Follicular fluid constituents containing occyte awaiting for biochemical signals to resume (meiosis ) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation need more exploration (Lenton et al., 1988). The specific signals triggering occyte release might help in in vitro occyte maturation success rate.

11. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

The lean meat production needs more studies on development of conceptus. The prenatal development undergoes in three stages. The early pregnancy signals, skeletal & nervous tissue growth, on priority. During mid-gestation the hind and fore-limbs develop. During late gestation muscular development along with peripheral extremities including hair develop. In order to increase lean meat production, research in needed to investigate relations between hard and soft tissues. Maternal and foetal interactions needs a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicated prospects of manipulating lean meat production (Wani, 2001, 2002 a) by bio-stimulators during late gestation, which may help, the production of muscular lambs/kids at birth, besides, increasing birth weight. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies in future are needed to reveal the exact mechanism involved in critical transition of power control from maternal to embryonic genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal the details (Schultz et al., 1990).

12. Slaughter house follicle pool

A good number of our endangered species die where climatic conditions are hard and harsh. Under temperate climatic conditions dead bodies are entrapped in snow for long. It gives a hope to revive their follicular pool. Our studies on resumption of life using follicles from slaughtered sheep and fertilizing them with epididymal semen was an pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig 6-8). The protein content of unfertilized ovum is around 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mouse (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material needs extensive analysis to unveil vast informations in its codans and anticodans. Further ovum maturation or resumption of meiosis is initiated during birth or shortly before birth and thus the pool of follicles remains fixed at birth. Therefore, foetal ovary has to be the subject of further manipulations especially in view of its immunological insensitivity (Guraya, 1985).
13. Gamete biosafety

Bacterial counts in semen in unprecedented numbers effect semen fertility (Kher, and Dholokia, 1985), The contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, water and air contamination. Above all the development of resistance of known bateria and other micro-organism to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We have examined the semen of about 40 bulls maintained at the Frozen semen bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir for bacterial loads in semen and tested antibiotic sensitivity (Koul, 2002).

Presence of bacteria in large numbers in semen, effects its quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The source of contamination of semen vary from inflammatory foci and lesions on penile apparatus, contaminations on equipments, appliances, diluters, extenders, air and laboratory environment. These contamination hazards have increased with environmental pollution. Many bacteria having developed resistance to routine antibiotics used (Gupta and Maurya 1993) in semen extenders has made inseminations more critical and vulnerable. More studies in this direction are needed to develop a bio-safe and infection free germplasm pool of frozen and fresh semen in future.

14. Foeto-maternal interaction

The role of endometrial stromal cells during pre-implantation stage needs further research. Some studies on ultrastructure of endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to answer the questions. What is the role of immune cells and endometrial cells in building of the immunological barrier to protect the foetus. Foetal biology is abarren field of research in the world. After few initial steps by Dr. Moris Young in UK and D. Srivastava in India, only scattered information is available on the subject (Wani and Buchoo, 1990; Mufti, 1996) . Much is still to be unveiled by 2050. The placental hormone influence mammary development and milk production of the dam. Foetal membranes serve as Chief source of nutritive exchanges. The arrangement of cotyledons, caruncles, positioning of single and twin conceptus, indicate complex mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of foeto-maternal interactions and relationships emphasize proper foetal number diagnosis and corresponding materno-nutritional management strategies.

15. Nanotechnology:

In the proceeding pages we have seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. The coming generations will harvest the gains in the form of more micron-level-accurate technology being replaced with nanogram-level-invisible technology- the nanotechnology. Now even converging technologies are shaped resulting from merger of Nano- science and Nanotechnology with biomedicine, bio-sciences, biotechnology, genetic engineering and information technology.

The cognitive sciences like Neuro- sciences, computing, communication combined with nanotechnology may be so mystic and deterministic that science shows will appear as “Majic shows” . This new technology wave” may define our spiritualistic wavelengths. Many unsolved or resolved facts on birth and genetic make up shall send such messages as was known of Sagic saints, peers and Fakirs.

The birth of a technology needs patience of public and policy makers. In the past “Michael Farady” – the inventor of electric generator, was asked by the then Chancellor of Exchequer, as to what use is the electricity you are generating. He argues but no argument convinced the accountant. Finally, he promised him that the day will come when you can tax it. Today a remote destination on this earth demands 24 hr electricity. They never argue its price, but its availability as savoir to life be it medical, veterinary or any other field. Thus like Farady I profess and advocate experiments on use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but yes in my life I shall fore see a role of nanotechnology in Animal reproduction.

16. What is Nanotechnology:

Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus we will unveil gametes in minute details; sperm head colliding zona-pellucida shall be filmed. The radial blast of cortical reaction shall be known. All chemical messengers shall be unveiled at nano-level.

The shape of gamete, Zygote, embryo and foetal development at nanolevel shall bring forth new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information through use of computer languages, both hard and soft shall make this knowledge dispensable and useable at remote-corners of the Universe. Combing cognitive, mythical and mysterious happening within womb could be registered and translated via nano-ultra-sonography.

Thus futuristic view of nanotechnology will be nanographic follow of information and has been described ( Mordini, E, 2007).

Nanotechnology may allow us to send tiny nano microprocessors into the animal womb to send us signals which we wish to know for prevention of diseases. The stem-cell-germ-cell technology combine with Nanotechnology shall bring new hope and future for the propapagation of Gene-technology-ETT- A-I Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an “egg” – thus proving the “God Word in Quran of creating the Chirst through mystic spirit. This and other convergence of known reproductive technologies are challenge to us in future

Nanaoparticels developed can be agents which would use blood and carry durgs for curing disease at molecular levels. Thus a new mechanism of targeting infective agents of smaller dimension could be a possibility.
17. Stem-cell-Technology:

Stem- cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stages have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type, which could be used to repair or regenerate new desired cells. This advanced cell research may help diseased people like those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s disease syndrome, Parkinsons disease and even paralysis.

The stem cells are derived from 4-5 day old embryos or fertilized cells. The stem-cell-technology has a new role to play in Animal reproduction.

Firstly, the stem-cell source could be pooled out of slaughter-house oocytes or from the vast pool of embryos hatching out in many animal species.

Secondly, the cell source could be obtained from foetal culture and if new-grown-immunoprotectant cell of foetus could help or provide germ-cell specific to any particular organ, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.

A Laptop Reapiring shops in Noida – Admin computer Technologies

Myquest Admin computer Technologies provides complete IT Solutions to its customers enabling them to automate their businesses. We specialize in the filed of Laptop Repairing to Computer Hardware and Software reselling. We deal in Branded Computer like Intel, HP Compaq, Samsung, Lenovo, IBM, Canon, D-Link and other major companies of computer hardware industry in Delhi. Our products include assembled, branded computers, Laptops, Printers, and other Networking products.

In specialization in Laptop repairing concert shops We Introduces a Shop of Admin computer Technologies a  of  computer Hardware & Networking Solution in Noida. We have rectifying any type of computer hardware problem. Our well qualified technician have handy experience in these particular fields. Although assembly the computer according the client Demand but also recovery the Data in the Hard disk. In change area  we specialized in the Laptop Repairing we have repair all brand laptop Like Samsung, Dell, Hp Invent, Compaq, Lenovo, Acer, Toshiba Etc At Chip Level. At The Cheapest Rate In Time.

Products / Services

Assembled Computers Branded Computers (HP, Compaq, HCL, Acer, Dell etc.) Laptop Repairing at Chip Level (HP, Compaq, Lenovo, Samsung, Sony, Acer) Repairing Printer like Dot Matrix Deskjet & Laser Printers (HP, Samsung, Canon, Lexmark, EPSON) Computer & Laptop Peripherals & Consumables (Pen Drive, USB Hard Disk, Toner etc.) Annual Maintenances Contract (AMC) for Home/Office

Call us 9650787137, 9350134732 for all your requirements concerning purchase of computers,  Laptop,  computer electronic devices, networking and internet solutions.

As A Result Of Our Loyal Customers And Dedicated Services, We (Admin computer Technologies ) Has Continued To Grow And Expand Our Exemplary Services And Consistently In Delivering Quality Services Have Enabled Us To Build A Large Clientele Across In Noida & Delhi. The Quality Services Offered By Us Help In Meeting The Expectations Of The Clients And Rendering Them.

We look forward to working with you!

Wowgao?s Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo Returns in 2008 ? Even Bigger and Better in Toronto

WowGao’s Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo Returns In 2008 – Even Bigger And Better in Toronto

December 10, 2007 – Toronto, Canada – WowGao Inc. today announced its 2008 Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, scheduled on April 15 & 16, 2008 at the Design Exchange in Toronto, Canada.

Following the success of the 2007 show held in Ottawa, the 2008 Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo is moving to Toronto and will be expanded to include enterprise solutions and products for both medium and small business firms as well as traditional large corporations.

This fourth annual event will focus on the latest IT products and solutions being developed and sought after in the healthcare and public service industry, such as Web 2.0, Patient Monitoring Systems, Document Management, Business Intelligence, Mobile Data Systems, RFID Solutions, Biometrics and much more.

To register for Early-Bird Passes please visit http://gov.wowgao.com/registration or call 1-416-292-0038 ext. 812.

For more information about the event, please visit http://gov.wowgao.com

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an award winning leading event management company that produces, since 2003, internationally renowned conferences and expositions that address the latest innovations and developments in the information technology industry. WowGao’s IT conferences and trade shows provide a forum for the convergence of technology gurus, cutting-edge technology vendors and IT product buyers together through interactive expositions, informative speaking opportunities and exciting corporate sponsored activities.

For all media inquiries:

Ronnie Sant

Director of Marketing

416-292-0038 ext 812

ronnies@wowgao.com

http://www.wowgao.com

Discover Wireless Networking Equipment at the Engenius Technologies Booth During the 2008 Wireless and Mobile Conference and Expo

Discover wireless networking equipment at the EnGenius Technologies booth during the 2008 Wireless and Mobile Conference and Expo

June 20, 2008 – Toronto, Canada – EnGenius Technologies will showcase their widely used wireless network equipment that provide users with easy long ranged communications at the 2008 Wireless and Mobile Conference and Expo.

 

EnGenius Technologies is the leader in long range wireless communications and wireless networking. EnGenius Technologies offers long range industrial cordless phones covering a radius of up to 2km. These phone systems are used by a wide variety of clients such as the Canadian Armed Forces, Canadian Tire, Loblaws and the LCBO. EnGenius Technologies also provides wireless networking equipment ranging from routers and switches to long range access points/client bridges operating at 600mw of power and reaching a distance of up to 4km. Our wireless networking equipment is used by many Internet Service Providers as well as wireless solution providers across the country.

 

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an Event Management Company that organizes and manages internationally renowned conferences and expositions focusing on latest innovations and developments in Information Technology Industry since 2003. We have been honored with an award for our excellence. Our featured events are:

 

- 2008 Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, April 15 & 16, 2008
– 2008 Wireless & Mobile Expo and Conference, July 15 & 16, 2008

- 2008 RFID Forum, July 15 & 16, 2008

For more information about the events, please visit http://www.wowgao.com/

 

For any media queries:

Director of Marketing,
416-292-0038 ext 812
attendee@wowgao.com

 

 

Ocean Energy Technologies And Components Worldwide Reports

Ocean waters cover over 70% of the earth and present significant opportunities for renewable energy systems. Ocean Energy Technologies and Components Worldwide contains comprehensive data on the U.S. and world market for the three primary Ocean Energy Technology systems: Tide Energy, Wave Energy and Ocean Thermal Energy. The report also addresses the emerging potential of Salinity Gradient systems. The report identifies key trends affecting the marketplace, along with trends driving growth, and also profiles major domestic and global marketers and geographic hot spots for ocean energy technology implementation.

This SBI study presents a comprehensive overview of the growing market for ocean energy technologies in the United States and throughout the world. Falling within the parameters of this study are all ocean energy technology systems and products. This study includes both public and privately funded systems that are in development or have already been installed. This study also includes emerging systems that are in the early development stages.

Global energy consumption amounts to over 17,400 Terawatt hours per year, with United States’ use alone accounting for approximately11,200 Terawatt hours per year. Ocean energy technology has the potential to generate over 93,100 terawatt hours/year with the two most viable options being wave technology and thermal gradient technology. Wave Energy technology alone has the potential to produce up to 80,000 TWH/year, while OTEC could produce up to 10,000 TWH/year. Salinity Gradient technology, still an emerging science, has the potential to produce 2000 TWH/year. Given the Obama administration’s commitment to green technology and renewable energy alternatives, the outlook for 2009-2010 is very positive for increased investment in both domestic and global ocean energy developments.

In September 2008, New York City installed the first Tidal-Power Turbine system in the United States. As part of a plan for New York to generate up to 80% of the city’s power from renewable energy sources, the completed Tidal-Power Plant is expected to provide power for up to 10,000 households. New York’s Tidal-Power program shows how ocean energy technology is quickly catching up to the more familiar renewable wind and solar power sources.

In Aguçadoura, Portugal, the successful installation of the world’s first multi-unit wave farm will generate 2.5 MW, enough to power 1500 homes. The wave tidal energy market alone could be worth over 0 billion per year. In Hawaii, Taiwan Industrial Technology has entered into collaboration with Lockheed Martin to develop a 10MW Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) pilot plant.

Within the United States, Maine and Alaska offer the best conditions for tidal power plants, while Hawaii and the Atlantic coast have the tropical conditions required for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Recent tests along northern California’s Redwood Coast indicate that the west coast could be an ideal area for testing wave energy systems. While the U.S. is among the global leaders in Ocean Wave and Tidal Current developments, the U.K. dominates the field as of 2008. India and Japan are the global leaders in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, while Mexico and Norway are among the initial investors in Salinity Gradient systems.

Report Methodology

The information in Ocean Energy Technologies and Components Worldwide is based on primary and secondary data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the European Ocean Energy Association, the International Energy Agency and the Sustainable Energy Coalition, along with information from trade associations such as the Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition and business journals, company literature and websites, and research services such as Simmons Market Research Bureau.

What You’ll Get in This Report

Ocean Energy Technologies and Components Worldwide makes important predictions and recommendations regarding the future of this market, and pinpoints ways current and prospective players can capitalize on current trends and spearhead new ones. No other market research report provides both the comprehensive analysis and extensive data that Ocean Energy Technologies and Components Worldwide offers. Plus, you’ll benefit from extensive data, presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and graphs.

How You’ll Benefit from This Report

If your company is already doing business in the Ocean Energy Technology market, or is considering taking the plunge, you will find this report invaluable as it provides a comprehensive package of information and insight not offered in any other single source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current market for four types of ocean energy technology, as well as projected markets and trends through 2013.

This report will help:
•    Entrepreneurs and Investors identify market opportunities and gain a better understanding of which types of areas benefit most from ocean energy technology.
•    Research and development professionals stay on top of competitor initiatives and explore demand for ocean energy technology.
•    Green Marketing and Advertising agencies working with clients in the green energy market understand the potential impact of ocean energy technology and the advantages for coastal cities.
•    Business development executives understand the dynamics of the ocean energy technology market and identify possible private and government partnerships.

Information and research center librarians provide market researchers, brand and product managers and other colleagues with the vital information they need to do their jobs more effectively.

Visible Technologies ? A Leader In Social Media Solutions

Visible Technologies recently announced a significant growth in the company’s overall sales, as well as renewed funding by existing investors of the company.  This announcement shows an overwhelming acceptance of the use of social media monitoring and engagement solutions by many companies.  The acceptance also heralds a greater interest in company’s attempts to manage their online branding successfully with the power of social media.

Major Accomplishments

Visible Technologies’ solutions suite has garnered wide support.  The company is committed to assisting brands in their adoption of new ways to gather real-time insight from social media conversations.  This commitment can be seen through the many achievements accomplished by Visible Technologies over the course of the past year.

Included in these accomplishments:

•          Leading industries recognition – #170 on the Inc. Magazine 500 List of the fastest growing companies in the nation, “Commercial Product or Service of the Year” in 2009 by the Washington Technology Industry Association, “Rising Star” by CRM Market Awards, cited as a “strong performer” by The Forrester Wave™: Listening Platforms, in the first quarter of 2009.

•          Puget Sound Business Journal recognized Visible Technologies for the second year in a row as one of the Top 100 Fastest-Growing Private Company in the state of Washington.

•          More than 60% continuous and yearly revenue growth.

•          Xerox and Autodesk included among 24 Fortune 1000 companies added to the company client roster in the third quarter.

•          Brought the company’s total funding up to .5 million with a recent funding of million from existing investors.

•          Launched a full service solutions suite that includes:

•          Renamed products within the truCAST Suite and extended its truCAST engine to allow brands to better aggregate social media conversations.

•          Broadened the suite’s on-demand social media monitoring by introducing truPULSE.

•          Included truREPUTATION, a suite of on-line brand and reputation management services that allow for an effective way to comprehensively manage search engine brand reputation.

CEO of Visible Technologies

The CEO of Visible Technologies, Dan Vetras, states that the massive growth achieved by Visible Technologies over the course of the past year is exemplary of an overwhelming demand by marketers to garner more insight from a broad range of social media conversations.

Mr. Vetras adds that the previous year has been an incredible one for Visible Technologies, and he expects to see a continued trend for growth in more markets as companies discover the importance of managing their on-line brands and reputations.

Adobe Systems to Discuss Managing the Transformation of Healthcare at 2008 Health Technologies Conference and Expo

For Immediate Release

Adobe Systems to Discuss Managing the Transformation of Healthcare at 2008 Health Technologies Conference and Expo

Healthcare is more complex now than at any other time in history. Individuals benefit from a dynamic “community of care,” including primary care physicians, specialists, case managers, surgeons, social workers, nurses, and others. However, this extended community has increased the likelihood that individuals complete redundant paperbased documents, with specific care-related information is stored in separate files, and that privacy may be compromised.

Concurrently, healthcare providers are striving to improve patient care, reduce costs, protect patient privacy, and enforce compliance by streamlining and automating processes. Experts agree technology is the solution. However, though healthcare providers have invested heavily in software applications from a variety of vendors over the last few decades, they are still struggling to make them work more efficiently—when and where they are needed the most.

Join Adobe at the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo on April 15 -16, 2008 at the Design Exchange in Toronto Ontario.

Learn how Adobe Systems is helping healthcare provides develop solutions that can increase the interactivity of multiple caregivers and processes with patient information to save time and money. The discussion will also touch on how providers can reduce admission, readmission cost, by replacing inefficient, manual, paper-based processes with automated efficient processes that increase collaboration, streamline electronic forms, and support electronic medical records (EMRs) and personal healthcare records (PHRs).

To register for Early-Bird Passes please visit http://gov.wowgao.com/registration OR call (416)292-0038 Ext. 812.

About Adobe Systems Incorporated

Adobe Systems Incorporated offers business, creative, and mobile software solutions that revolutionize how the world engages with ideas and information. With a reputation for excellence and a portfolio of many of the most respected and recognizable software brands, Adobe is one of the world’s largest and most diversified software companies

About the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference & Expo:

The 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo will focus on the latest IT products and solutions being developed and sought after in the healthcare and public service sector, including Web 2.0, Patient Monitoring Systems, Document Management, Business Intelligence, Mobile Data Systems, RFID Solutions, Biometrics and much more.

As one of Canada’s leading annual IT conference and exposition, the event features ground breaking IT applications that aim to educate key IT professionals, Government officials, developers, architects, engineers and medical professionals with the necessary tools and techniques for the reliable, effective management of all public information services across Canada. For more information about the event, please visit http://gov.wowgao.com

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an award winning leading event management company that produces, since 2003, internationally renowned conferences and expositions that address the latest innovations and developments in the information technology industry. Our featured events include:

Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, April 15 & 16, 2008

Wireless & Mobile Expo and Conference, July 15 & 16, 2008

RFID Forum, July 15 & 16, 2008

Financial Services Technology Forum, October 2008

For more information about the events, please visit http://www.wowgao.com/

For conference inquiries:

Conference Producer

(416) 292 – 0038 ext. 840 | conference@wowgao.com

WowGao Inc. | www.wowgao.com

For Immediate Release

Adobe Systems to Discuss Managing the Transformation of Healthcare at 2008 Health Technologies Conference and Expo

Healthcare is more complex now than at any other time in history. Individuals benefit from a dynamic “community of care,” including primary care physicians, specialists, case managers, surgeons, social workers, nurses, and others. However, this extended community has increased the likelihood that individuals complete redundant paperbased documents, with specific care-related information is stored in separate files, and that privacy may be compromised.

Concurrently, healthcare providers are striving to improve patient care, reduce costs, protect patient privacy, and enforce compliance by streamlining and automating processes. Experts agree technology is the solution. However, though healthcare providers have invested heavily in software applications from a variety of vendors over the last few decades, they are still struggling to make them work more efficiently—when and where they are needed the most.

Join Adobe at the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo on April 15 -16, 2008 at the Design Exchange in Toronto Ontario.

Learn how Adobe Systems is helping healthcare provides develop solutions that can increase the interactivity of multiple caregivers and processes with patient information to save time and money. The discussion will also touch on how providers can reduce admission, readmission cost, by replacing inefficient, manual, paper-based processes with automated efficient processes that increase collaboration, streamline electronic forms, and support electronic medical records (EMRs) and personal healthcare records (PHRs).

To register for Early-Bird Passes please visit http://gov.wowgao.com/registration OR call (416)292-0038 Ext. 812.

About Adobe Systems Incorporated

Adobe Systems Incorporated offers business, creative, and mobile software solutions that revolutionize how the world engages with ideas and information. With a reputation for excellence and a portfolio of many of the most respected and recognizable software brands, Adobe is one of the world’s largest and most diversified software companies

About the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference & Expo:

The 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo will focus on the latest IT products and solutions being developed and sought after in the healthcare and public service sector, including Web 2.0, Patient Monitoring Systems, Document Management, Business Intelligence, Mobile Data Systems, RFID Solutions, Biometrics and much more.

As one of Canada’s leading annual IT conference and exposition, the event features ground breaking IT applications that aim to educate key IT professionals, Government officials, developers, architects, engineers and medical professionals with the necessary tools and techniques for the reliable, effective management of all public information services across Canada. For more information about the event, please visit http://gov.wowgao.com

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an award winning leading event management company that produces, since 2003, internationally renowned conferences and expositions that address the latest innovations and developments in the information technology industry. Our featured events include:

Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, April 15 & 16, 2008

Wireless & Mobile Expo and Conference, July 15 & 16, 2008

RFID Forum, July 15 & 16, 2008

Financial Services Technology Forum, October 2008

For more information about the events, please visit http://www.wowgao.com/

For conference inquiries:

Conference Producer

(416) 292 – 0038 ext. 840 | conference@wowgao.com

WowGao Inc. | www.wowgao.com

2008 Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo

Mauricio feels that “Network security doesn’t work if it’s treated as an add-on or an after-thought. My job is to make sure that comprehensive ProCurve ProActive Defense-based solutions permeate every product and solution we offer, and that network security is always a built-in, fundamental consideration for everyone at ProCurve.”

Mauricio is responsible for specifying ProCurve’s ProActive Defense security technology strategy across all product lines. He also assists in the design of security capabilities into ProCurve products and solutions.

Sanchez currently represents ProCurve in both IETF and TCG/TNC standards bodies. In the IETF, he has edited and co-authored a number of standards that improve RADIUS attributes, especially its ability to provision network access control (NAC) policy. In the TNC, he is the lead in defining the IF-PEP interface that resides between a network access server and a policy enforcement device. In addition, in conjunction with researchers from HP Labs, he was pivotal in the design of Virus Throttle technology and its incorporation into ProCurve products.

To register for Early-Bird Passes please visit http://gov.wowgao.com/registration OR call (416)292-0038 Ext. 812.

About ProCurve Networking by HP

The ProCurve Networking business unit of HP delivers wired and wireless enterprise networking products, services and solutions. The foundation for ProCurve’s business model is the Adaptive Networks strategy in which networks are adaptive to users, applications and an organization’s needs.

About HP

HP focuses on simplifying technology experiences for all of its customers – from individual consumers to the largest businesses. With a portfolio that spans printing, personal computing, software, services and IT infrastructure, HP is among the world’s largest IT companies, with revenue totaling 4.3 billion for the four fiscal quarters ended Oct. 31, 2007. More information about HP (NYSE: HPQ) is available at www.hp.com.

About the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference & Expo:

The 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo will focus on the latest IT products and solutions being developed and sought after in the healthcare and public service sector, including Web 2.0, Patient Monitoring Systems, Document Management, Business Intelligence, Mobile Data Systems, RFID Solutions, Biometrics and much more.

As one of Canada’s leading annual IT conference and exposition, the event features ground breaking IT applications that aim to educate key IT professionals, Government officials, developers, architects, engineers and medical professionals with the necessary tools and techniques for the reliable, effective management of all public information services across Canada. For more information about the event, please visit http://gov.wowgao.com

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an award winning leading event management company that produces, since 2003, internationally renowned conferences and expositions that address the latest innovations and developments in the information technology industry. Our featured events include:

Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, April 15 & 16, 2008

Wireless & Mobile Expo and Conference, July 15 & 16, 2008

RFID Forum, July 15 & 16, 2008

Financial Services Technology Forum, October 2008

For more information about the events, please visit http://www.wowgao.com/

For conference inquiries:

Conference Producer

(416) 292 – 0038 ext. 840 | conference@wowgao.com

WowGao Inc. | www.wowgao.com

Mauricio feels that “Network security doesn’t work if it’s treated as an add-on or an after-thought. My job is to make sure that comprehensive ProCurve ProActive Defense-based solutions permeate every product and solution we offer, and that network security is always a built-in, fundamental consideration for everyone at ProCurve.”

Mauricio is responsible for specifying ProCurve’s ProActive Defense security technology strategy across all product lines. He also assists in the design of security capabilities into ProCurve products and solutions.

Sanchez currently represents ProCurve in both IETF and TCG/TNC standards bodies. In the IETF, he has edited and co-authored a number of standards that improve RADIUS attributes, especially its ability to provision network access control (NAC) policy. In the TNC, he is the lead in defining the IF-PEP interface that resides between a network access server and a policy enforcement device. In addition, in conjunction with researchers from HP Labs, he was pivotal in the design of Virus Throttle technology and its incorporation into ProCurve products.

To register for Early-Bird Passes please visit http://gov.wowgao.com/registration OR call (416)292-0038 Ext. 812.

About ProCurve Networking by HP

The ProCurve Networking business unit of HP delivers wired and wireless enterprise networking products, services and solutions. The foundation for ProCurve’s business model is the Adaptive Networks strategy in which networks are adaptive to users, applications and an organization’s needs.

About HP

HP focuses on simplifying technology experiences for all of its customers – from individual consumers to the largest businesses. With a portfolio that spans printing, personal computing, software, services and IT infrastructure, HP is among the world’s largest IT companies, with revenue totaling 4.3 billion for the four fiscal quarters ended Oct. 31, 2007. More information about HP (NYSE: HPQ) is available at www.hp.com.

About the 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference & Expo:

The 2008 Government and Health Technologies Conference and Expo will focus on the latest IT products and solutions being developed and sought after in the healthcare and public service sector, including Web 2.0, Patient Monitoring Systems, Document Management, Business Intelligence, Mobile Data Systems, RFID Solutions, Biometrics and much more.

As one of Canada’s leading annual IT conference and exposition, the event features ground breaking IT applications that aim to educate key IT professionals, Government officials, developers, architects, engineers and medical professionals with the necessary tools and techniques for the reliable, effective management of all public information services across Canada. For more information about the event, please visit http://gov.wowgao.com

About WowGao Inc.

WowGao Inc. is an award winning leading event management company that produces, since 2003, internationally renowned conferences and expositions that address the latest innovations and developments in the information technology industry. Our featured events include:

Government & Health Technologies Conference and Expo, April 15 & 16, 2008

Wireless & Mobile Expo and Conference, July 15 & 16, 2008

RFID Forum, July 15 & 16, 2008

Financial Services Technology Forum, October 2008

For more information about the events, please visit http://www.wowgao.com/

For conference inquiries:

Conference Producer

(416) 292 – 0038 ext. 840 | conference@wowgao.com

WowGao Inc. | www.wowgao.com

Dating with today’s technologies. What’s acceptable?

Today’s day and age of modernism has seen communication match making tools pioneered to the forefront of the 21st century.

Such advancements are common day social tools young adults rely on for almost any aspect of life that requires communication. Ten years ago, these emerging technologies were taboo for most ordinary people.

What was recently trivial and somewhat viewed as gimmicks, gizmos and gadgets are today essential tools of communication and technology for young adults who have become accustomed to not know any different. We are talking about the likes of Face Book, My Space, Twitter, Black Berries and mobile phones turned into home computers.

The social landscape of dating has seen the same rapid development in technology with online dating sites turning dating into real time online introductions with chat rooms functionality where singles can chat amongst certain groups or in complete privacy. Online dating has also made its way to the mobile arena where subscribers can send and receive messages to and from admirers directly from their mobile phone.

What is the appropriate etiquette for online singles looking to take the leap of love online? By taking the time to navigate this tricky terrain you will be more adapt to best manage your social network.

There are enormous advantages that the convenience of communication modernism brings, sadly though, society also utilizes these tools to the detriment of others. Anyone can go online and post untruths or personal details about anyone they please. Hate groups and demoralizing posts are commonly published online which leaves a permanent online stain and cannot be reversed.

Issuing a statement of horrendous impact to someone that could be utterly devastating can be done without a second thought via sms. Like ending a relationship or expressing obscenities.

The shear diversity and features available to us through email, text messaging and cheating websites allows infidelity to prosper, with systems and options designed to disguise certain behaviour and actions.

If you have met someone online and are looking towards an exclusive dating arrangement, can you be sure they are not going online to see if they have any other additional romantic interest. It’s all too easy to cross the line thanks to technology and raises the bar of trust to a new level.

Communication devices also intrude when developing personal relationships if we allow it. Let’s look at the example of an emerging romance where a couple is on a first date. There is something that depicts a persons personality if they are instinctively drawn to answer their mobile phone during the evening. Even taking the time to check who the missed caller was is outright rude. We would tell you that the best cause of action is to turn your mobile off during the date, but such advice just seems too obvious.

The rise of communication technology can be put equally to good use as it can bad. As unusual as it may sound, the use or abuse of technology could be used as a measure of one’s character or trust capability.

With so much to do and see online, take your time with your choices because one thing is for sure, the internet is not going away any time soon.

Preclinical Development Of Monoclonal Antibodies And Related Biologicals: Emerging Technologies And New Therapeutic Candidates

Monoclonal antibodies form the fastest growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry, with total annual sales expected to top billion in the next four years. 23 full-size monoclonal antibodies and three monoclonal antibody fragments have been launched so far, several having quickly reached ‘blockbuster status’ (annual sales of over billion). Between 1995 and 2007, the number of monoclonal antibody-based drug candidates entering clinical trials more than tripled, and this expansion is continuing.

This report explains what monoclonal antibodies are, and why large pharmaceutical companies are investing so heavily both in developing such drugs internally and acquiring monoclonal antibody candidates from others. More than 80 popular and emerging technologies are named, explained and illustrated with original full-color diagrams.

The newest wave of drug candidates based on these technologies can be seen in more than 200 case studies, which identify every commercial company known to have carried out preclinical studies of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the last year. Finally, prospects and challenges for the future of this field are discussed, with opinions from scientific pioneers and industry leaders.

Key features of this report

• Illustrated ‘beginners guide’ to monoclonal antibodies: What they are, how they are made and why they hold such great promise for the treatment of disease.

• More than 80 descriptions of proprietary technologies currently in use around the world to select produce and re-engineer monoclonal antibodies.

• More than 30 original, full-color diagrams illustrating the science and technology of monoclonal antibodies, both as they appear in nature and in the myriad new forms now being assessed in preclinical trials.

Scope of this report

• Understand the basic qualities of monoclonal antibodies and how these qualities translate into unique medical and commercial features for drug candidates.

• Appreciate the challenges and risks of monoclonal antibodies, as well as their promise.

• Assess promising new technologies for investment or in-licensing.

• Identify which companies are involved in this field, and what they are doing.

• Predict the kinds of drug that will enter clinical trials in the next 1-4 years and may reach the market in the next 5-10 years.

Key Market Issues

• New monoclonal antibodies can be used to target new disease processes that are not currently addressed by any other therapies, thereby accessing market areas with high unmet demand.

• The inherent specificity and predictability of monoclonal antibodies have been shown to shorten drug development times and increase rates of success in preclinical and clinical trials, relative to non-biological ‘small molecule’ drugs.

• High barriers to entry currently prevent many new companies from entering this field. The techniques now used to create, select and modify monoclonal antibodies for human therapeutic use are protected by intellectual property, which the originators defend vigorously. However, several early patents on fundamental techniques will expire very soon.

Key findings from this report

• Early challenges relating to immunogenicity, tissue penetration, administration and production of monoclonal antibodies are being addressed by myriad new technologies.

• The competitive benefits of identifying and addressing new therapeutic targets continue to provide incentives for new target selection and monoclonal antibody identification programs.

• Established techniques for ‘humanization’ of non-human monoclonal antibodies remain popular, despite the rise of newer ‘fully human’ monoclonal antibody technologies. This may be due to the robust nature of the earlier technologies and/or the imminent expiries of key patents.

• Genetic engineering methods and novel ‘host cell’ production systems are being used to optimize and modify functions of monoclonal antibodies. Proprietary platforms using these methods have been widely licensed to many of the major players in the biopharmaceutical industry.

Key questions answered

• What are monoclonal antibodies, and what can they do?

• Why are so many companies developing them as therapeutic agents?

• Which companies are currently working to validate and develop the latest generation of drug candidates based on monoclonal antibodies?

• What technological and regulatory challenges face these companies in developing such candidates and bringing drugs to market?

Table of Content:

Executive summary 16

An introduction to monoclonal antibodies 16

Identifying non-human monoclonal antibodies 17

Optimizing full-length antibodies 17

Fully human monoclonal antibodies 18

Antibody conjugates 19

Novel binding molecules derived from antibodies 20

Chapter 1 An introduction to monoclonal antibodies 22

Summary 22

Introduction 23

Antibodies in nature 23

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies as drugs 29

Target range 29

Predictability 30

Pharmacokinetics 30

Technology protection 30

Challenges and opportunities for the next generation of monoclonal antibodies 31

Target selection 31

Species specificity 33

Pharmacokinetics 34

Manufacture 34

Monoclonal antibody drugs already at market 35

Orthoclone OKT3 35

Remicade 36

Rituxan 36

Zenapax 37

Synagis 37

Humira 37

Vectibix 38

Simponi 38

Lucentis 38

Cimzia 39

Tysabri 39

Preclinical development of therapeutic drugs 40

Proof of concept 40

Safety profile 40

Conclusions 42

Chapter 2 Identifying non-human monoclonal antibodies 46

Summary 46

Introduction 47

Technology platforms 47

Hybridoma technology 48

RabMAbs 48

SLAM 48

Human Response Platform 49

DIAAD 49

ImmuneY2 50

iMAB 50

Fusion Expression Technology 51

ProMIS 51

AbScreen 51

AbProt 52

BioArctic platform 52

FunctionFIRST 52

Case studies 52

Abbott Labs 53

AbGenomics 53

Alethia 53

Amorfix 53

Arrowsmith Technologies 54

AVEO 55

BioSceptre 55

Canadian Bio Med Systems 55

Cangene 56

CellAct 56

CoGenesys 57

Crucell 57

CSL 58

Daewoong 58

DKFZ 58

Epitomics 59

Fusion Antibodies 59

Ganymed Pharmaceuticals 60

GeNeuro 60

Genitope 60

GSK 61

Heat Biologics 61

Immuno-Biological Labs 61

ImmunoGen 62

Immutep 62

InflaRx 63

Innate Pharma 63

Inotek 63

Intercell 64

LigoCyte 64

MedImmune 64

Morphotek 65

NeoGenix 65

Northwest Biotherapeutics 66

Novartis 66

Novo Nordisk 67

OncoMed 67

Perseis Therapeutics 67

Pfizer 68

Pharma Research Toronto 69

Prana Biotech 69

Quest PharmaTech 69

Recepta Biopharma 69

Receptor-Logic 70

Roche 70

Shanghai CP Guojian 71

Suzhou Stainwei Biotech 71

Therapure 71

ThromboGenics 71

Thrombotargets 72

Tolerx 72

Trillium 73

Vaccinex 73

Wilex 73

ZymoGenetics 74

Conclusions 81

Chapter 3 Optimizing full-length antibodies 84

Summary 84

Introduction 85

Technology platforms 86

Chimeric antibodies 86

CDR grafting 88

SMART 90

Superhumanisation 90

Framework Patching 91

Composite Human Antibody 91

ATLAb 92

Humaneering 92

MLG 93

DeImmunisation 93

Humanation 93

Human Engineering 94

FcX 94

The LEX System 94

Potelligent 94

Complegent 95

BestMAb 97

ImmunoBody 97

EB66 97

Synageva Expression Platform 98

XmAb 98

Sugar Engineered Antibodies 99

Wox 99

Case studies 101

Abbott Labs 101

Advanced Immune Therapeutics 102

Alder Biopharm 102

Alethia 103

Alexion 103

Antisoma 103

Arana 104

Attenuon 105

AVEO 106

BioArctic Neuroscience 106

Biogen Idec 106

Biolex 107

BioXell 108

China Synthetic Rubber Corp 108

CSL 108

CureTech 109

Direvo 109

DSX 109

Eli Lilly 110

Epitomics 110

Faron Pharm 110

Femta Pharm 110

Forerunner Pharma Research 111

Fusion Antibodies 111

Galaxy Biotech 112

Galileo Oncologics 112

Genentech 113

Glenmark 113

GlycoForm 114

Glycotope 114

ImmunoCellular Therapeutics 114

Immunomedics 115

Innate Pharma 115

InNexus Biotech 115

Intellect Neurosciences 116

Isu Abxis 116

Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy 116

KaloBios 117

Keel Pharm 117

LigoCyte 117

Lpath 117

Mabion 118

MacroGenics 118

MaimoniDex 119

MAT Biopharma 119

MedImmune 119

Medtronic 120

Micromet 120

NKT Therapeutics 120

Opsona 121

Percipio 121

Pharma Research Toronto 122

ProtAb 122

Scancell 123

Selexys 123

SinoMab Bioscience 124

Synageva 124

TaiMed 124

Trillium 125

United Biomedical 125

Vascular Pharm 125

VasGene 126

Vegenics 126

Vybion 126

Xencor 127

Conclusions 134

Chapter 4 Fully human monoclonal antibodies 138

Summary 138

Introduction 139

Technology platforms 139

Phage display 139

MBAS 141

CBAS 142

HuCAL 142

MAbstract 142

ActivMAb 143

Adimab platform 143

XenoMouse 143

UltiMAb 145

VelocImmune 145

Open Monoclonal Technology 146

Xenerex 146

SEBVI 147

Cloning the Human Response 147

Viventia platforms 147

Natural Human Antibodies 148

MabIgX 148

Reverse Translational Medicine 148

I-STAR 149

CellSpot 149

iBioLaunch 149

Case studies 150

Adimab 150

Acorda Therapeutics 150

Affitech 151

Agensys 153

Alopexx 153

AstraZeneca 154

BioFactura 155

Biotherapix 156

CellAct 156

Celldex 156

Centocor 157

Crucell 158

CSL 158

Dyax 158

Emergent BioSolutions 158

Functional Genetics 159

GenMab 159

Crucell 160

GSK 160

Humabs 160

Human Antibodomics 161

Humanyx 161

iBio 162

ImClone 162

IMED 163

Immune System Therapeutics 163

IQ Therapeutics 164

Kenta Biotech 164

Kyowa Hakko Kirin 165

MabVax 165

Mapp Biopharmaceutical 166

Medarex 166

MedImmune 167

Merck & Co 168

Micromet 169

MorphoSys 169

NatImmune 170

Neurimmune 170

NovImmune 170

Novo Nordisk 171

Omeros Corp 172

Oncaidia 172

OncoMed 172

Oxford BioTherapeutics 173

Panacea 173

Patrys 174

Peregrine 175

PharmAbcine 176

sanofi-aventis 176

Theraclone 177

Trellis Bioscience 178

U3 Pharma 178

Vaccinex 179

Vegenics 179

Xoma 180

Conclusions 189

Chapter 5 Antibody conjugates 192

Summary 192

Introduction 193

Technology platforms 193

Antibody Drug Conjugate 193

Targeted Antibody Payload 195

Probodies 195

Antibody cloaking 197

Targeted Photodynamic Therapy 197

AlbudAb 198

hyFc 198

Ligand traps 198

CovX-Body 200

Dynamic Cross-Linking 200

LEC technology 200

Case studies 201

Algeta 201

Aphios 201

ArmaGen Technologies 201

Asan Medical Center 202

Bayer Schering 202

Beijing ABT 203

Biogen Idec 203

BioTransformations 203

Boehringer Ingelheim 204

Celldex 204

Cytoguide 205

CytomX 205

Dompe 206

EnGeneIC 206

FDA 206

Forerunner Pharma Research 207

Galileo Oncologics 207

Genentech 207

Genexine 208

ImmunoGen 208

Immunomedics 209

InNexus Biotech 210

Medarex 210

MedImmune 211

Merrimack 211

Morphotek 212

Mycenax 212

NCI 212

Oncaidia 213

OncoTherapy Science 213

Panacea 214

Peregrine 214

Pfizer 214

Pivotal BioSciences 215

Seattle Genetics 215

Symphogen 215

Transgene Biotek 216

Viventia 216

Conclusions 222

Chapter 6 Novel binding molecules derived from antibodies 224

Summary 224

Introduction 225

Technology platforms 226

Fab 226

TetraMABs 227

scFv 227

Immuna 228

[scFv]2 228

BiTE 229

Avibodies 230

TandAb 233

Flexibody 234

V-NAR 234

Nanobody 236

Domain Antibodies 238

Heteropolymer 242

UniBody 243

Domain Exchanged Antibodies 244

SMIP 246

SCORPION 247

DVD-Ig 248

Case studies 249

Abbott Labs 249

Ablynx 249

AdAlta 250

Affimed 250

Avipep 251

Beijing ABT 251

Biogen Idec 252

Calmune 252

Elusys 253

ESBATech 253

Galileo Oncologics 253

Glycotope 254

GSK 254

Inmunova 255

MAT Biopharma 256

Micromet 256

Novartis 257

PharmAbcine 257

Trubion 257

Suzhou Stainwei Biotech 258

Taligen 259

Vegenics 259

Conclusions 264

Appendix 266

Primary research methodology 266

Glossary 267

Index 278